Systematics of spiny‐backed treefrogs (<scp>H</scp>ylidae:<i><scp>O</scp>steocephalus</i>): an<scp>A</scp>mazonian puzzle
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spiny‐backed tree frogs of the genus O steocephalus are conspicuous components of the tropical wet forests of the A mazon and the G uiana S hield. Here, we revise the phylogenetic relationships of O steocephalus and its sister group T epuihyla , using up to 6134 bp of DNA sequences of nine mitochondrial and one nuclear gene for 338 specimens from eight countries and 218 localities, representing 89% of the 28 currently recognized nominal species. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal (i) the paraphyly of O steocephalus with respect to T epuihyla , (ii) the placement of ‘ H yla’ warreni as sister to T epuihyla , (iii) the non‐monophyly of several currently recognized species within O steocephalus and (iv) the presence of low (<1%) and overlapping genetic distances among phenotypically well‐characterized nominal species (e.g. O . taurinus and O . oophagus ) for the 16 S gene fragment used in amphibian DNA barcoding. We propose a new taxonomy, securing the monophyly of O steocephalus and T epuihyla by rearranging and redefining the content of both genera and also erect a new genus for the sister group of O steocephalus . The colouration of newly metamorphosed individuals is proposed as a morphological synapomorphy for O steocephalus . We recognize and define five monophyletic species groups within O steocephalus , synonymize three species of O steocephalus ( O . germani , O . phasmatus and O . vilmae ) and three species of T epuihyla ( T . celsae , T . galani and T . talbergae ) and reallocate three species ( H yla helenae to O steocephalus , O . exophthalmus to T epuihyla and O . pearsoni to D ryaderces gen. n.). Furthermore, we flag nine putative new species (an increase to 138% of the current diversity). We conclude that species numbers are largely underestimated, with most hidden diversity centred on widespread and polymorphic nominal species. The evolutionary origin of breeding strategies within O steocephalus is discussed in the light of this new phylogenetic hypothesis, and a novel type of amplexus (gular amplexus) is described.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".