Techniques Used to Monitor and Remove Strontium Sulfate Scale in UZ Producing Wells
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Scale deposition in completion strings is becoming a threatening problem to produce and safely operate wells completed in the Upper ZAKUM (UZ) oil field. Calcite or Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) scale mostly found in the upper part of the production string, and Celestite or Strontium Sulphate (SrSO4) mostly found in the lower part of the production string, are the common type of scales encountered in Upper ZAKUM producing wells. Injection seawater (rich in Sulphate) and formation water (rich in Strontium ions) mix in the reservoir and/or wellbore under varying conditions resulting into Strontium Sulfate Scale formation in downhole equipment. While CaCO3 scales are possible to be removed by the use of common acids and wireline tools, Strontium Sulphate scale requires special techniques to remove chemically and/or mechanically, and present the most challenges to achieve complete removal. This work will describe ZADCO scale management strategy to monitor and remove Strontium Sulfate scale in Upper Zakum producing wells. A scale prediction simulator is used to identify wells with high scaling risk. Scale Risk Matrix (SRM) is being developed to classify the scale risk in each well. The Chlorides content, the percentage sea water in the produced water, the production rate, the percentage water cut and scaling index are the main parameters that are used to calculate the overall scaling risk for a certain string. The wells classified as high scaling risk wells, are included on a monitoring list for periodical scale checks by running gauge cutters on slickline. Scale samples are collected and sent to the lab for analysis and scale type identification. The category of strings with a scale thickness less than 0.25" are treated with a chemical scale dissolver, the wells containing scale thicker than 0.25" are treated with downhole cleaning tools run on Coiled Tubing. In 2005, ten wells severely scaled with Strontium Sulphate were mechanically treated using Coiled Tubing, Mills and motor, high pressure rotating tool with Sterling Beads* and Polymer as the cleaning fluid. Most of the job objectives were not completely accomplished due to severe hard scaling conditions.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it