Spatial structure of the cusp/cleft ion fountain: A case study using a magnetic conjugacy between Interball AP and a pair of SuperDARN radars
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spatial structure of low‐energy ion outflows associated with heating processes in the dayside cusp/cleft region is investigated by using a magnetic conjugacy between Interball Auroral Probe (AP) and the Saskatoon‐Kapuskasing pair of the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN). The interplanetary magnetic field during this event is characterized by By < Bz < 0 components, which breaks the symmetry of morning and afternoon convection cells relative to the noon meridian. As a result, plasma convection over the afternoon polar cap is not antisunward, but almost azimuthally oriented. The three‐dimensional thermal ion distributions measured by the Hyperboloid experiment on board Interball AP are used as input of numerical simulations in order to investigate the spatial structure of the ion heating processes. The simulations include the complete guiding center motion of ions under the effect of gravity, geomagnetic field, and convection field measured by SuperDARN radars. In contrast to the classical cleft ion fountain picture, we demonstrate that the observed ions originate from a wide latitudinal interval and that the heating region likely coincides with the polar cusp. The numerical simulations allow us to reconstruct the downstream (relative to convection) boundary of the heating region, as well as ion distributions along this boundary. Ions are found to cross this boundary and to exit the heating region over a broad range of altitudes (up to at least 15,000 km) with an average altitude increasing with ion mass, their average pitch angle increasing with altitude in agreement with altitude cumulative heating scenarios.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".