Cadmium accumulation and loss in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas along the west coast of the USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oysters can accumulate cadmium (Cd) in very high concentrations in their tissues and there is now increasing concern for the seafood safety of farmed oysters worldwide.Bioaccumulation and biokinetics of Cd (dietary assimilation, uptake from the dissolved phase, and efflux) were measured in different populations of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas collected along the west coast of the USA in 2 different seasons.Triploid juvenile oysters were first transplanted to 5 Washington sites and 1 Oregon site for 3 mo, then transported back to the laboratory for tissue Cd measurements and biokinetic experiments.A second group of seed oysters was collected from California and Washington for additional analysis.Oysters from all sites had Cd concentrations lower than the food standard limit and there was spatial difference in tissue Cd concentrations.A significant fraction of Cd was associated with metallothionein-like proteins, implying that the oysters can detoxify Cd by induction of metallothionein.The difference in Cd dietary assimilation (using diatoms as a food source) and efflux in oysters transplanted to different locations was not significant.The uptake rate constants for Cd from the dissolved phase, however, differed markedly among the transplanted populations, and appeared to be affected by the oysters' clearance rate, depending on the population.This uptake rate was also negatively affected by the size of oysters.Dietary assimilation of Cd was comparable at diatom food concentrations below 2 to 5 mg l -1 , and was lower with ingested sediments than with diatoms.Measurements of Cd kinetics in different populations of Pacific oysters under a variety of environmental conditions provide an insight into the Cd accumulation in this commercially important species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".