Laboratory Study of Conductive Properties of Contaminated Riverbed Sands in Ado-Odo Ota Local Government Area of Ogun State, Nigeria
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As industrial activities increase, the risk of contamination of rivers in Ado-Odo Ota Local Government Area of Ogun State in Nigeria is becoming higher. In this study, riverbed sands were collected from five major rivers in Ado-Odo Ota Local Government Area, and conductivity properties were determined after the samples have been treated with varying concentration of petrol, engine oil, diesel, caustic soda and H2SO4. HANNAN Electrical Conductivity Meter, KD2 Thermal Conductivity Meter and Constant Head Method were used to determine the electrical, thermal and hydraulic conductivities respectively. After treatment of the samples with different concentration of the contaminants, it was found that thermal, electrical and hydraulic conductivities of the samples were largely proportional to contaminants concentration in all the samples in general. However, with increase in concentration of caustic soda and H2SO4, increase in electrical and thermal conductivities of samples were observed, while increase in the concentration of other contaminants decreased the hydraulic conductivity of the samples.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".