Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Geochemical data are generally derived from government and industry geochemical surveys that cover areas at various spatial resolutions. These survey data are difficult to assemble and integrate due to their heterogeneous mixture of media, size fractions, methods of digestion and analytical instrumentation. These assembled sets of data often contain thousands of observations with as many as 50 or more elements. Although the assembly of these data is a challenge, the resulting integrated datasets provide an opportunity to discover a wide range of geochemical processes that are associated with underlying geology, alteration, landscape modification, weathering and mineralization. The use of data analysis and statistical visualization methods, combined with geographical information systems, provides an effective environment for process identification and pattern discovery in these large sets of data. Modern methods of evaluating data for associations, structures and patterns are grouped under the term ‘data mining’. Mining data includes the application of multivariate data analysis and statistical techniques, combined with geographical information systems, and can significantly assist the task of data interpretation and subsequent model building. Geochemical data require special handling when measures of association are required. Because of its compositional nature logratios are required to eliminate the effects of closure on geochemical data. Exploratory multivariate methods include: scatterplot matrices (SPLOM), adjusting for censored and missing data, detecting atypical observations, computing robust means, correlations and covariances, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and knowledge based indices of association. Modelled multivariate methods include discriminant analysis, analysis of variance, classification and regression trees neural networks and related techniques. Many of these topics are covered with examples to demonstrate their application.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.050 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.008 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".