A conveniently synthesized polyethylene gel encapsulating palladium nanoparticles as a reusable high-performance catalyst for Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The synthesis of a polyethylene (PE) gel containing self-incarcerated palladium(0) nanoparticles is described. The PE gel matrix without any special functionality was synthesized by one-pot chain walking copolymerization of ethylene and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate facilitated by a Pd–diimine complex (1). The Pd(II) species from 1 were immobilized in situ onto the gel matrix and further reduced to Pd(0) nanoparticles as a result of catalyst 1 deactivation during polymerization and methanol (a reducer) washing in the polymer purification process. The resulting Pd-containing PE gel (2) is shown to be a high-performance and facilely reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions of iodobenzene or aryl bromides. An average TOF of 460 h−1 was achieved with an average 0.57 ppm Pd leaching in each cycle of the Heck reaction of iodobenzene when the PE gel 2 was recycled 10 times. A maximum TOF of 3.33 × 104 h−1 was reached and less than 0.64 ppm of Pd was leached in the Suzuki reactions of aryl bromides with water as solvent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".