A conveniently synthesized polyethylene gel encapsulating palladium nanoparticles as a reusable high-performance catalyst for Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The synthesis of a polyethylene (PE) gel containing self-incarcerated palladium(0) nanoparticles is described. The PE gel matrix without any special functionality was synthesized by one-pot chain walking copolymerization of ethylene and 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate facilitated by a Pd–diimine complex (1). The Pd(II) species from 1 were immobilized in situ onto the gel matrix and further reduced to Pd(0) nanoparticles as a result of catalyst 1 deactivation during polymerization and methanol (a reducer) washing in the polymer purification process. The resulting Pd-containing PE gel (2) is shown to be a high-performance and facilely reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions of iodobenzene or aryl bromides. An average TOF of 460 h−1 was achieved with an average 0.57 ppm Pd leaching in each cycle of the Heck reaction of iodobenzene when the PE gel 2 was recycled 10 times. A maximum TOF of 3.33 × 104 h−1 was reached and less than 0.64 ppm of Pd was leached in the Suzuki reactions of aryl bromides with water as solvent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".