ARTERIAL STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN HYPERTENSIVE RATS INDUCED BY CAPSAICIN AND SALT LOADING
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. The objective of the present study was to investigate the arterial structural changes in a salt-sensitive hypertensive rat model induced by treatment with capsaicin. 2. Newborn male Wistar rats were treated with 50 mg/kg capsaicin subcutaneously for 2 days. Control rats were treated with vehicle solution (5% ethanol and 5% Tween 80 in saline). After weaning at 3 weeks, rats were divided into four groups: (i) control with a normal salt diet (0.5% NaCl; CON + NS); (ii) control with a high-salt diet (4% NaCl; CON + HS); (iii) capsaicin plus normal salt diet (CAP + NS); and (iv) capsaicin plus a high-salt diet (CAP + HS). Treatment with different salt diets was initiated at 3 weeks of age and lasted for 18 weeks. Tail-cuff systolic blood pressure (BP) and bodyweight were examined. At the end of the treatment period, blood vessels were prepared by perfusion fixation. Heart weight and vascular dimensions were measured in the thoracic (artery) aorta, renal artery and mesenteric artery. 3. Two weeks after the initiation of the salt diet treatment, BP became significantly higher in the CAP + HS group than in any of the other groups and this difference was maintained until the end of the treatment period. 4. Beginning at 8 weeks after the initiation of the salt diet treatment (11 weeks of age), BP became higher in the CON + HS group than in the CON + NS and CAP + NS groups. Blood pressure was not significantly different between the CON + NS and CAP + NS groups. 5. Media thickness, media thickness to lumen ratio and cross-sectional area of the aorta, renal artery and mesenteric artery were significantly increased in the CAP + HS group compared with the other groups. Heart weight was also increased in the CAP + HS and CON + HS groups compared with the other groups. 6. Similar structural changes in the blood vessels and heart were also found in the CON + HS group compared with the CON + NS group. Lumen diameter was not altered by the treatments in any of the arteries studied. 7. We conclude that treatment with capsaicin increased the sensitivity of the BP of these rats to salt and this increase in BP is correlated with hypertrophy of the arteries (vascular remodelling) with no change in lumen size. A long-term high-sodium load induced hypertension in normal Wistar rats, which was accompanied by cardiovascular hypertrophy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".