Bibliographic record
Abstract
The enthalpy within a soil system under equilibrium conditions is investigated theoretically. Terzaghi's effective stress equation for a saturated soil is first examined and the approach extended to determine the enthalpy associated with the air, water, and solid phases, and the interactions between the phases, in an unsaturated soil. An equation of state is developed which links the stress state variables (p ua) and (ua uw) to the specific volume (v) and specific water volume (vw) and thus to the volumes of the phases. The equation is shown to provide a logical interpretation of the average volumetric "coupling" stress p'cwithin unsaturated soils which highlights the significance of the dual stress regime and bimodal structure. The new equation is compared with previously reported experimental data on kaolin and a lateritic gravel. The agreement is good and it provides insight into unsaturated soil strength and deformation behaviour and clarifies various previously identified anomalies.Key words: partial saturation, unsaturated soils, thermodynamics, effective stress, equation of state, critical state.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".