Vascular methylglyoxal metabolism and the development of hypertension
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The pathogenic process of diabetes mellitus is associated with increased methylglyoxal (MG). MG causes non-enzymic glycation of proteins to form irreversible advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). However, the correlation between MG and essential hypertension is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether MG, MG-induced AGEs, and oxidative stress were increased in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and whether an increased formation of MG and related AGEs was correlated with the development of high blood pressure in these rats. METHODS: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine MG and reduced glutathione levels in plasma and aorta. MG-induced AGEs, N(epsilon)-carboxyethyl-lysine (CEL) and N(epsilon)-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML), in aorta were determined using immunohistochemistry. Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide levels in aorta and glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities were also determined. RESULTS: Aortic and plasma MG levels were significantly elevated in SHR, but not in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, at 8, 13 and 20 weeks of age, in parallel with blood pressure increase. Immunohistochemistry revealed more intense staining for CML and CEL in aorta from SHR than those of WKY rats from 8 weeks onwards. Most of the staining was localized to endothelial cells. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide levels were significantly elevated in aorta of SHR at 13 weeks, whereas reduced glutathione levels, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities were significantly decreased compared to WKY rats. CONCLUSIONS: Increased aortic MG, AGE formation and oxidative stress were associated with blood pressure increase in SHR, which may cause endothelial dysfunction and altered vascular reactivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".