Substituting a Qubit for an Arbitrarily Large Number of Classical Bits
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We show that a qubit can be used to substitute for a classical analog system requiring an arbitrarily large number of classical bits to represent digitally. Let a physical system S interact locally with a classical field varphi(x) as S travels directly from point A to point B. Our task is to use S to answer a simple yes/no question about varphi(x). If S is a qubit, the task can be done perfectly. We show that any classical system S must encode an arbitrarily large number of classical bits to solve the same task. This result implies a large quantum advantage in the memory size necessary for some computations. We also show that no finite amount of one-way classical communication can perfectly simulate the effect of quantum entanglement.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it