Colloidal properties of concentrated heated milk
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The colloidal properties of casein micelles in heated milk as a function of volume fraction are largely unknown. Heat-treatment of milk causes denaturation and unfolding of whey proteins, which then react with caseins to form a complex mixture of soluble whey protein aggregates and whey protein coated casein micelles. The distribution of the complexes between the soluble and the micellar phase depends on the pH of milk before heating. This work focused on the contribution of the heat induced complexes to the colloidal properties of concentrated casein micelles. Concentration was performed using osmotic stressing. Although there were differences in the apparent diameter after heating milk at pH 6.4, 6.8 or 7.0, redilution of the concentrated milk showed no irreversible aggregation of the casein micelles with concentration. Above 70 g L−1 protein, there was a decrease in the mean square displacement slope measured by light scattering, suggesting that above this concentration, the casein micelles were no longer free diffusing. The viscosity of the concentrated milk could be predicted using a rheological model for hard spheres assuming constant voluminosity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".