Gonadotropins Induce Tumor Cell Migration and Invasion by Increasing Cyclooxygenases Expression and Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub>Production in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gonadotropins (FSH and LH) are detectable in ovarian tumor fluid, suggesting a possible role for gonadotropins in ovarian carcinogenesis and progression. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the role of gonadotropins in ovarian cancer development are unknown. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of human malignancies. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the effect of gonadotropins on ovarian cancer invasion is mediated by a COX-dependent mechanism. Here, we reported that FSH/LH can promote prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in ovarian cancer cells via COX-1 and -2 up-regulation at the protein and mRNA level. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway was required for gonadotropin-mediated up-regulation of COX-1 and COX-2. Moreover, treatment with COX-1- and COX-2-specific inhibitors abrogated the stimulatory effect of gonadotropins on motility and invasive activity. Western blot and gelatin zymography showed that COX-1 and COX-2 were critical for gonadotropin-induced expression of metastasis-related proteinases, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. In addition, our results showed that PGE(2) induced an increase in cell invasiveness and the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in ovarian cancer cells. These data show that COX-1 and COX-2 play essential roles in gonadotropin-induced migration and invasion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".