Experiments on Remelting and Solidification of Molten Metal Droplets Deposited in Vertical Columns
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experiments were done to determine conditions under which vertical columns could be built by metal droplets landing sequentially on top of each other. Molten tin droplets (0.6 mm diameter) were deposited using a pneumatic droplet generator on an aluminum substrate. The primary parameters varied in experiments were those found to most affect bonding between droplets: droplet temperature (250°C to 345°C), substrate temperature (60°C to 200°C) and deposition rate (1 Hz to 15 Hz). At lower deposition rates the substrate cooled down too much to induce remelting whereas at higher rates the tip of the column remained liquid and surface tension forces pulled it into a spherical mass. Assuming one-dimensional conductive heat transfer in a column a simple analytical model was developed to calculate the temperature at the tips of the column. It predicts that deposition frequency should be decreased as column height increases to hold the tip temperature constant. Droplet coalescence was best achieved when the tip temperature of a column was maintained at the melting point of the metal. Columns fabricated following the deposition frequency predicted by the model show good bonding between droplets and uniform diameter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".