Surface forces between sphalerite and silica particles in aqueous solutions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Surface forces between a fractured sphalerite surface and a silica particle in supporting electrolyte solutions were measured using an atomic force microscope. Below pH 8, the long-range surface forces were found to be attractive, decreasing with increasing solution pH. The adhesion force varied from 18 mN/m at pH 4 to 7 mN/m at pH 8. At pH 10, an exponentially decayed repulsive force was measured and no adhesion was observed. The decay length was found to scale with the supporting electrolyte concentration. Although the repulsive force was reduced significantly when up to 0.5 mmol/l calcium ions were added, the surfaces remained non-adhering at contact. In contrast, an attractive force profile was obtained when 0.5 mmol/l cupric ions were added, accompanied by an adhesion force of 16 mN/m. In general, the measured force profile can be accounted for by considering classical van der Waals and electrical double-layer forces for constant surface charge density conditions. The measured force behavior correlates well with the observations in sphalerite-silica heterocoagulation tests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".