MRI measurements of an acoustically cavitated fluid in a standing wave
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging was applied to studies of cavitating fluid in a standing acoustic wave at 31 kHz sound frequency. A spin-echo pulsed field gradient sequence was employed to sensitize the measurement to motion. Velocity spectra, kinetic energy maps, and maps of the dispersion coefficient were obtained for pure water, water with surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, 1 mM), and water with sodium dodecyl sulfate--NaCl $([\mathrm{NaCl}]=0.1M)$. Cavitation bubbles cause an increase in dispersion coefficient and acoustic streaming. These effects are not observed in a degassed sample. Streaming was most developed in samples with surfactants, which also demonstrate a pronounced anisotropy of the dispersion coefficients parallel and normal to the direction of the sound wave propagation. Stabilization of the bubble surface and concomitant reduction of bubble coalescence by the surfactant can explain the observed differences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".