Bibliographic record
Abstract
When Americans think about anti-Americanism, they are likely to think of angry demonstrations in Pakistan, stuffy French intellectuals, or maybe a surly cab driver they once ran into in Mexico. Most are not likely to think of Canada, at least not right away. In fact, Americans who haven't had a lot of direct experience with Canadians might be mystified by idea that there could be anti-Americanism in Canada, given that Canada seems to have so much in common with United States, and Canadians are generally thought to be friendly and fair-minded. But anti-Americanism has a long and colorful history in Canada, and--contrary to expectations of those who argued that it had been defeated and exorcised in debate over Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement--anti-Americanism in Canada is apparently alive and well today, though in a different, somewhat attenuated form. In this essay, I will briefly review historical evolution of anti-Americanism in Canada, and then offer some reflections on its nature and implications today. Anti-Americanism is not same thing as disagreement with American values or policies. A person can emphatically reject something that United States says or docs, and even harbor profound resentment toward people who made those choices, without necessarily having anti-American views. Anti-Americanism is an attitude toward United States and its people which is profoundly mistrustful--a prejudice that colors way a person interprets Americans' choices, and consistently attributes them to negative values and purposes. (2) As comparative studies have shown, specific content of anti-Americanism that is, themes and arguments with which it is socially constructed--can vary widely from one society to another, and evolve over time. Canadians' experiences with anti-Americanism are just about as diverse as Canada itself, but they can be readily grouped into two main collective experiences: Anglophone and Francophone. (3) Each has its own enduring, primary impulse, but each has evolved and changed over time, in terms both of way it sees United States and way it manifests itself in political discourse and action. Ironically, given origins of Canada and United States as twins separated at birth, their essential and enduring similarities, and their long history of peace and cooperation, one might argue that Anglophone Canadian experience has been as close as one can get to anti-Americanism in its pure' form. It is, in other words, probably as close as we get to an anti-Americanism which persists even flourishes--without being sustained by profound political or cultural differences, anticipation of violence or direct coercion, or even deep-seated grievances. The (Anglophone) Canadian, as historian Frank Underbill famously said, is the first anti-American, model anti-American, archetypal anti-American, ideal anti-American as he exists in mind of God. (4) Despite or rather because of--the essential similarities between two societies, defining element of anti-Americanism in Anglophone Canada is differentiation. It is in that sense consistent with a widely recognized tendency for societies to be preoccupied with demonstrating, to themselves and to others, that they are separate and different from a larger, very-similar neighbor, as in New Zealand (vis-a-vis Australia), Austria (vis-a-vis Germain), and most of Central America (vis-a-vis Mexico). The search for bases of differentiation, and natural impulse to harness them in support of group cohesion and a positive collective self-image, fosters what Freud called 'narcissism of small differences. (5) These impulses may be especially powerful in Canada, because of relatively shallow and profoundly contested nature of country's sense of national identity: Canadians are forever casting about for markers for collective identification, but there are few at hand, apart from not being Americans. …
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".