A molecular weed-mycoherbicide interaction:<i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i>f. sp.<i>malvae</i>and round-leaved mallow,<i>Malva pusilla</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many potential biological control agents of weeds have been found to be hemibiotrophs. One reason for this may be that the period of biotrophic growth in the weed provides a high degree of specificity, whereas the subsequent period of necrotrophic growth results in considerable weed damage or death. An example of a hemibiotrophic mycoherbicide is Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz., which was developed as a biological control agent of the annual weed round-leaved mallow, Malva pusilla Sm. Following penetration, biotrophy occurs for several days and is associated with the growth of large primary hyphae. Necrotrophy then occurs and corresponds with the growth of thin secondary hyphae and the appearance of anthracnose symptoms. To learn more about the molecular basis of this interaction, an examination is underway of host and pathogen genes expressed during infection. These include fungal genes coding for pectinase, arylsulfatase, and catalase, which are involved in nutrition and degradation of host materials, as well as protein kinase, which are involved in the regulation of fungal metabolism. Also, plant genes encoding actin and glutathione S-transferase are being examined since they may play a role in host reactions to the invading fungus. These genes show different patterns of expression during penetration, biotrophy, and necrotrophy, demonstrating the complexity of the infection process. A better understanding of molecular weed-mycoherbicide interactions will enable scientists to develop biological control agents with traits, such as altered host specificity and virulence, that are optimized for weed control. Plusieurs agents potentiels de lutte biologique contre les mauvaises herbes se sont révélés hémibiotrophes. Une des raisons de cet état de chose peut être que la période de croissance biotrophe dans la mauvaise herbe procure un haut degré de spécificité, alors que des dommages ou la mort de la mauvaise herbe résultent de la période subséquente de croissance nécrotrophe. Le Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. in Penz., qui a été développé comme agent de lutte biologique contre la mauve à feuilles rondes, Malva pusilla Sm., est un exemple de mycoherbicide hémibiotrophe. [Agrave] la suite de la pénétration, la phase biotrophe dure plusieurs jours et est associée à la croissance de gros hyphes primaires. La phase nécrotrophe a lieu ensuite et correspond à la croissance de fins hyphes secondaires et à l'apparition de symptômes d'anthracnose. Afin d'en apprendre davantage sur les fondements moléculaires de cette interaction, une étude des gènes de l'hôte et de l'agent pathogène qui s'expriment lors de l'infection est en cours. Ces gènes comprennent des gènes fongiques codant pour la pectinase, l'arylsulfatase et la catalase, impliquées dans la nutrition et la dégradation de matériaux de l'hôte, ainsi que pour la protéine kinase, impliquée dans la régulation du métabolisme fongique. De plus, les gènes végétaux codant pour l'actine et la glutathion-S-transférase sont aussi étudiés étant donné qu'ils peuvent jouer un rôle dans la réaction de l'hôte au champignon envahisseur. Ces gènes montrent différents patrons d'expression durant la pénétration, la phase biotrophe et la phase nécrotrophe, ce qui montre la complexité du processus d'infection. Une meilleure compréhension des interactions moléculaires mauvaises herbes - mycoherbicides permettra aux scientifiques de développer des agents de lutte biologique possédant des caractéristiques, tel la spécificité et la virulence modifiées, optimisées pour la lutte biologique contre les mauvaises herbes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".