Elevated testicular temperature modulates expression patterns of sperm proteins in Holstein bulls
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of elevated testicular temperature on the expression patterns of sperm proteins in bulls. Ejaculates were collected from sexually mature Holstein bulls (n = 6) twice weekly for 10 weeks. Testicular temperature was elevated in all bulls by scrotal insulation for 72 consecutive hours during Week 2. Triton X-100 extracts of sperm proteins were prepared and subjected to SDS-PAGE. Sperm proteins in the 110 kDa range decreased from pre-thermal insult to Day 28 (start of thermal insult = Day 0), concurrent with decreases in sperm concentration, motility, and morphology, and subsequently increased, approaching pre-thermal insult values by Day 40. Based on mass spectrometry, this band was comprised of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), Hexokinase-1, and the alpha-4 subunit of Na(+)/K(+)ATPase. Changes in the expression patterns of these proteins were confirmed by immunoblotting, including the use of a custom antibody against the alpha-4 subunit of Na(+)/K(+)ATPase (testis-specific isoform). Furthermore, a 25 kDa sperm protein (identified as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2; TIMP-2), had a low expression level in pre-thermal insult samples, increased to Day 28 of post-thermal insult, and subsequently decreased to the pre-thermal insult level by the end of the experimental period. In conclusion, we identified proteins that may serve as molecular markers of impaired sperm function due to elevated testicular temperature, with important implications for fertility predictions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the identification of a testis-specific isoform of Na(+)/K(+)ATPase in bovine sperm.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it