HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS ON THE ASCENDANCY OF ADHD IN NORTH AMERICA, c. 1980 – c. 2005
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT An ecological niche framework ( Citation Hacking, 1998 ) is utilised to examine the growth of ADHD in North America. The analysis suggests ADHD flourishes, at least in part, due to a complex and historically situated interaction of factors that created a niche within which a particular kind of explanation and treatment for the troubling behaviours of children can and does thrive. Keywords: ADHD history historical ontology North America Notes 1 The countries included in this research include the United Arab Emirates (CitationAmal et al., 1999), Hong Kong (CitationSwanson et al., 1998; CitationLeung et al., 1996), Brazil (CitationRhode et al., 1999), Columbia (CitationPineda, 2003), Puerto Rico (CitationSwanson et al., 1998), Germany (CitationSwanson et al., 1998); CitationBaumgaertel et al., 1995), Sweden (CitationSwanson et al., 1998), Australia (CitationKewley, 1998; CitationGomez et al., 1999), Canada (CitationSzatmari et al., 1989), the USA (CitationKewley, 1998; CitationSafer and Malever, 2000; CitationGoldman et al., 1998) and Great Britain (CitationGreen et al., 2005; CitationKewley, 1998; CitationNational Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2000; CitationBrasset-Grundy and Butler, 2004; CitationHolowenko and Pashute, 2000; CitationSwanson et al., 1998; CitationTaylor et al., 1991) among others. 2 A variety of explanations have been proposed to explain the rather remarkable differences in prevalence estimates that have been reported in the research literature, including: differences in the way ADHD is defined (CitationNational Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2000), the means by which it is identified (CitationSwanson et al., 1998), whether researchers draw their samples from clinical populations or randomly from the larger population (CitationBrasset-Grundy & Butler, 2004) and differences in perspectives about the causes of the behaviours captured by the label (CitationBarkley, 1997; CitationKewley, 1998). 3 Transient mental illnesses are those that are present and pervasive in some times and places but absent in others. It does not refer to the transient nature a particular type of mental illness may have within particular individuals across time, but instead suggests '... that this type of madness exists only at certain times and places' (CitationHacking, 1998, p. 1). 4 Fugue is the name of a mental illness popular in nineteenth century France (and to a lesser extent Italy, Germany, and Russia) characterised by unexpected trips, often taken in obscured states of consciousness (CitationHacking, 1998).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it