CFD simulation and comparison of industrial crystallizers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Simulation of flow patterns in eleven industrial crystallizers (standard Messo, Cerny direct contact, Swenson draft tube baffled, Swenson walker, Swenson evaporative, Oslo cooling, Oslo Krystal, APV Kestner, Batch Vacuum, stirred tank with disc turbine, and stirred tank with pitched blade impeller) have been carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Population balance modelling (PBM) is coupled with CFD to obtain better results. In all the cases, the crystallizer volume was 100 liter and the power consumption per unit volume was 1 kW/m3. The simulation results have been presented in terms of mean velocity components, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate. On the basis of the flow patterns, these eleven crystallizers have been compared for crystal size distribution (CSD). It was found that Swenson Evaporative, Krystal and Batch Vacuum provide relatively low CSD.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".