Gamma-radiation induced formation of chromium oxide nanoparticles from dissolved dichromate
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The formation of chromium oxide nanoparticles by gamma radiolysis of Cr(VI) (CrO(4)(2-) or Cr(2)O(7)(2-)) solutions was investigated as a function of pH and initial Cr(VI) concentration by measuring [Cr(VI)], the particle concentration ([Cr(III)(col)]) and [H(2)], and by characterizing the particles using TEM, Raman, FTIR and XPS. The results show that Cr(VI) is easily reduced to Cr(III) by a homogeneous aqueous reaction with ˙e(aq)(-), but, due to the stability of Cr(III) colloids, the growth of the Cr(OH)(3) particles is very slow. As the particles grow the interior of the particle dehydrates to form Cr(2)O(3) while the outer layer remains hydrated. When most of the Cr(VI) that is initially present in the solution is converted to Cr(OH)(3) further redox reactions of chromium species occur on the particle surfaces. The redox system reaches a pseudo-equilibrium state due to cyclic reactions of Cr(III) with ˙OH and H(2)O(2), and reactions of Cr(VI) with ˙e(aq)(-) and H(2)O(2). The size distribution of the particles that are formed is controlled by these solution-solid interface reactions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it