Double-layer dynamics of cognitive radio networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There are two worlds of wireless communications: the legacy wireless world and the cognitive wireless world. Spectrum holes are the medium through which the two worlds interact. Releasing subbands by primary users allows the cognitive radio users to perform their normal tasks and, therefore, to survive. In other words, the old world affects the new world through appearance and disappearance of the spectrum holes and there is a master-slave relationship between them. Hence, the two worlds of wireless communications are going on side by side. This makes a cognitive radio network a multiple-time-scale dynamic system: a large-scale time in which the activities of primary users change and a small-scale time in which the activities of secondary users change accordingly. Such systems are called double-layer dynamic systems. A model is built that can be used as a testing tool for policy forecast and incorporates time evolution as the life span (control horizon) of a given policy. Two types of time dependency are studied: time-dependent equilibria and time-dependent behaviour away from the predicted curve of equilibria. Theories of evolutionary variational inequalities and projected dynamic systems on Hilbert spaces are used to study these two types of time dependency, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".