High resolution infrared spectra of a carbon dioxide molecule solvated with helium atoms
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Infrared spectra of He(N)-CO(2) clusters with N up to about 20 have been studied in the region of the CO(2) nu(3) fundamental band ( approximately 2350 cm(-1)) using a tunable diode laser spectrometer and pulsed supersonic jet source with cooled (>-150 degrees C) pinhole or slit nozzles and high backing pressures (<40 atm). Compared to previous studies of He(N)-OCS and -N(2)O clusters, the higher symmetry of CO(2) results in simpler spectra but less information content. Discrete rotation-vibration transitions have been assigned for N=3-17, and their analysis yields the variation of the vibrational band origin and B rotational constant over this size range. The band origin variation is similar to He(N)-OCS, with an initial blueshift up to N=5, followed by a monotonic redshift, consistent with a model where the first five He atoms fill a ring around the equator of the molecule, forcing subsequent He atom density to locate closer to the ends. The B value initially drops as expected for a normal molecule, reaching a minimum for N=5. Its subsequent rise for N=6 to 11 can be interpreted as the transition from a normal (though floppy) molecule to a quantum solvation regime, where the CO(2) molecule starts to rotate separately from the He atoms. For N>13, the B value becomes approximately constant with a value about 17% larger than that measured in much larger helium nanodroplets.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it