A New Approach to Energy and Exergy Analyses of Latent Heat Storage Unit
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, a new approach for energy and exergy efficiencies and effectiveness of latent heat storage systems is developed and applied to a shell-and-tube type latent heat storage system for its charging process. First, a numerical model is introduced to study the heat transfer and thermodynamic parameters and aspects (shell radius and pipe length, Reynolds number, inlet temperature of heat transfer fluid [HTF], etc.), and solved through the governing equations for HTF, pipe wall, and phase change material. Second, some extensive parametric studies are conducted to investigate how the solidification fronts, stored heat, heat transfer rates, entropy generation number, and both energy and exergy efficiencies change with time, particularly in the dimensionless form as the Fourier number. Third, both energetic and exergetic effectiveness concepts are newly developed and applied to a latent heat storage system. The results show that energy and exergy efficiency and effectiveness concepts appear to be significant tools for assessment and optimization of the thermal energy storage systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".