Experimental Studies of Thermally Induced Deformation and Fracture Generation in Clay Shale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In thermal enhanced oil recovery process, the clay shale formations above the oil sands reservoirs may be subjected to high pressures up to 10MPa and high temperatures up to 300°C. The responses of the clay shale are very critical for designing or operations of thermal recovery processes. Maintaining wellbore and caprock integrities prevents incidents such as borehole collapse and leakage through caprock. Thermally induced deformation and fracturing in shale impacts on wellbore and caprock integrities. Most previous investigations focused on the mechanical properties of the clay shale. However, limited experimental work has been conducted to investigate the thermal response of clay shale under thermal operation conditions. In this research, the thermal response of clay shale under different confining pressure conditions is investigated. Laboratory confined and unconfined tests were conducted on Colorado Shale cores which were retrieved from the overburden shale formation above the oil sands reservoirs in Cold Lake area, Alberta, Canada. The shale cores were heated at different heating rates and were subjected to different pressure conditions. The thermally induced deformation and fracturing responses in shale have been captured by X-ray computed tomography scanning (CT scan). The results show that under slow heating rates the shale sample maintains its integrity but display irreversible contraction after cooling to room temperature. Under high heating rates, the samples lose their integrity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".