Effects of kaolin on the composition of generalist predator assemblages and parasitism of <i>Choristoneura rosaceana</i> (Lep., Tortricidae) in apple orchards
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: In three apple orchards, we tested how the hydrophilic kaolin clay particle film Surround WP affected the diversity of generalist arthropod predator assemblages in orchard foliage and the parasitism of the pest species Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (obliquebanded leafroller) (Lep., Tortricidae). In two orchards, kaolin was applied to orchard foliage once a week for 4 weeks, between mid‐June and mid‐July in 2004 and 2005. In the third orchard kaolin was applied to foliage twice over 2 weeks in June 2004. We quantified the proportion of larvae C. rosaceana parasitized, larval populations, and the relative abundance and assemblage composition of generalist predators (spiders and insects) in the orchards. Kaolin altered the species composition of the generalist predator assemblages and reduced the relative abundances of certain generalist predators, most notably jumping and crab spiders (Salticidae and Philodromidae), assassin bugs (Reduviidae), ants (Formicidae) and coccinellids (Coccinellidae). In contrast, the relative abundances of web‐spinning spiders (Araneidae, Dictynidae, Theridiidae) were not affected. Kaolin did not affect the proportion of parasitized C. rosaceana larvae, which ranged from 24% to 47% in control and kaolin treatments, or the relative proportions of parasitoid taxa. The kaolin formulation did not affect the abundance of C. rosaceana larvae, but in one orchard, kaolin did reduce the abundance of the combined numbers of C. rosaceana and another tortricid pest, Argyrotaenia velutiana . Although kaolin does not affect parasitism of C. rosaceana , it significantly changes the composition of generalist predator assemblages in orchard foliage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".