UTILIZATION OF PALM OIL FUEL ASH IN CONCRETE: A REVIEW / PALMI ALIEJAUS KURO PELENŲ NAUDOJIMAS BETONE. APŽVALGA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Uncontrolled dumping of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) not only occupies valuable land but also creates environmental pollution and health hazard. These problems can be reduced to a large extent by using POFA in concrete. A number of research works have been carried out to investigate the potential of POFA for use as a supplementary cementing material in normal, high strength, high performance, and aerated concretes. This paper presents a review on the use of POFA in different types of concrete. It firstly discusses the physical and chemical properties of POFA. Then the emphasis has been given on the effects of POFA on the fresh and hardened properties, and durability of concrete. This paper shows that both ground and unground POFA increase the water demand and thus decrease the workability of concrete. However, ground POFA has shown a good potential for improving the hardened properties and durability of concrete due to its satisfactory micro-filling ability and pozzolanic activity. In addition to discussing the benefits of POFA, this study has identified certain gaps in the present state of knowledge on POFA concrete, and listed several research needs for future investigation. The findings of this study would encourage the use of POFA as a supplementary cementing material for concrete. Santrauka Nekontroliuojami palmių aliejaus kuro pelenų (POFA) sąvartynai ne tik užima vertingus žemės plotus, bet ir teršia aplinką bei kelia pavojų sveikatai. Šios problemos gali būti sumažintos POFA naudojant betone. Daug mokslinių tyrimų buvo atlikta siekiant ištirti POFA potencialą, kad juos būtų galima naudoti kaip papildomą normalių, didelio stiprio, aukštos kokybės ir poringujų betonų cementavimo medžiagą. Šiame straipsnyje apžvelgiama, kaip POFA naudojami įvairių tipų betonams. Visų pirma aptariamos fizinės ir cheminės POFA savybės. Tuomet dėmesys atkreipiamas į šviežio ir sukietėjusio betono savybes bei betono ilgaamžiškuma. Šis straipsnis parodo, kad tiek malti, tiek nemalti POFA padidina vandens poreikį ir blogina technologines charakteristikas. Tačiau malti POFA parodė potencialą gerinant betono atsparumo ir ilgaamžiškumo savybes, nes jie pasižymi geromis mikroužpildų savybėmis ir pucolaniniu aktyvumu. Be to, aptarta POFA nauda, nustatytos tam tikros šiuo metu turimų žinių apie POFA betoną spragos ir išvardyta daugelis tyrimų, kurie turėtų būti atlikti ateityje. Šio darbo išvados turėtųpaskatinti naudoti POFA kaip papildomą rišamąją betono medžiagą.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".