First Report of Dollar Spot of Seashore Paspalum (<i>Paspalum vaginatum</i>) Caused by <i>Sclerotinia homoeocarpa</i> in South China
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz), a warm-season perennial grass, is native to tropical and subtropical regions of North and South America (1). Its fine texture and tolerance to low mowing and hypersaline environments make it a commercially promising turfgrass species for coastal regions of south China. In late March 2009, disease symptoms were observed from two golf course fairways in Shenzhen and Foshan, Guangdong Province, China. Small, round patches from 25 to 75 mm in diameter were found to be consisting of bleached, straw color leaf lesions bounded by reddish brown margins. Similar patches had previously been observed on seashore paspalum since 1997 in Guangdong Province, but this turf species has been grown in southern China only since the early 1990s. These symptoms were observed when daytime temperatures were above 25°C and with heavy dew formation at night. Greatest severity was seen in the spring and fall. Several contact and systemic fungicides were applied after first symptoms were observed and they were usually successful in suppressing disease. To confirm the disease as dollar spot, isolates from Shenzhen and Foshan were obtained by plating diseased leaf blades of P. vaginatum (cv. Salam) on potato dextrose agar media. Isolates produced white, fluffy, aerial mycelium, columnar when mature, and usually with a cinnamon base and dark brown or black substratal stroma on and in the agar. One representative isolate from each location was chosen for pathogenicity testing. Six-week-old P. vaginatum (cv. Salam) grown from seed in pots was inoculated, with 5-mm-diameter agar plugs with hyphae from 5-day-old cultures, by direct placement onto leaves and with three replicate pots per isolate. Plants treated with sterile agar plugs served as controls. Inoculated turf was incubated at 25°C with 12-h light/dark conditions. A plastic film was also placed over the pots to retain moisture. Chlorotic leaf lesions started to develop 4 days after inoculation and became a bleached straw color. The same fluffy, white fungus was reisolated from lesions, while no disease was observed on controls, thus completing Koch's postulates. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA was amplified from DNA extracted from two isolates using primers ITS5 and ITS4 (2), and the 610-bp sequences showed 98% similarity with Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett in GenBank and have been deposited as Accessions GQ386985 and GU002301. Dollar spot on P. vaginatum has been commonly observed in the United States (1). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of dollar spot on P. vaginatum in China or from any host plant in China. References: (1) R. R. Duncan and R. N. Carrow. Seashore Paspalum: The Environmental Turfgrass. John Wiley and Sons, Toronto, ON, Canada. 2000. (2) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press Inc., New York, 1990.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it