The Spread of Rural Industry in Lower Canada, 1831-1851
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As a contribution to a larger project which seeks to explore the contours of the socio-economy of Lower Canada in the nineteenth century, this paper utilises the 1831 and 1851 census data to define the extent, nature, and distribution of an essential component in the rural economy — industry — in the St. Lawrence axis during the first half of the nineteenth century. The aggregate census data suggest that a degree of numerical stagnation, or even deindustrialisation, occurred between 1831 and 1851, localised in the Montréal district. An analysis of the individual census schedules for 1851 indicates that no such deindustrialisation actually took place. What is revealed is a picture of great complexity in terms of type and distribution of industries over time. The evolution of the emerging rural industrial landscape is linked to population growth, expanding land settlement, and urbanisation. What emerges is a picture of an integrated economy based on a relatively well-developed structural exchange system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".