La variété des coûts de congestion routière. Le cas du boulevard Périphérique parisien
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cet article a pour buts d’estimer les pertes de bien-être imputables à l’externalité de congestion sur le boulevard Périphérique parisien (BPP) et d’illustrer les divergences marquant l’étude de cette « défaillance de marché ». Ce travail est rendu possible grâce à l’exploitation d’une riche base de données sur l’utilisation du BPP en 2000 et en 2007. Le coût « économique » de la congestion sur le BPP atteignait 130 M euros en 2007, soit une légère augmentation par rapport à 2000 (+6 %). Alors qu’elles représentent 8 % des kilomètres parcourus sur le BPP, les classes de vitesse inférieures à 20 km/h concentrent 70 % des pertes. Nous discutons une grille de tarification optimale de la congestion pour le BPP et nous montrons que les approches « non économiques » de l’externalité surestiment, du simple au triple, les pertes liées au manque de coordination des voyageurs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".