Lifetime-weighted photoacoustic imaging
Bibliographic record
Abstract
It has previously been shown that photoacoustic imaging can interrogate lifetimes of exogenous agents by a sequence of pulses with varying pump-probe delay intervals. Rather than attempt to unmix molecules based on their composite lifetime profile, we introduce a technique called lifetime weighted imaging, which preferentially weights signals from chromophores with long lifetimes (including exogenous contrast agents such as methylene blue and porphyrins with microsecond-scale lifetimes) while nulling chromophores with short lifetimes (including hemoglobin with ps-ns-scale lifetimes). A probe beam is used to interrogate samples with or without a pump beam. By subtracting probe-beam photoacoustic signals with pump- from those without a pump excitation, we effectively eliminate probe signals from chromophores with short lifetimes while preserving excited-state photoacoustic signals from long-lifetimes. This differential signal will be weighted by a decaying exponential function of the pump-probe delay divided by the exogenous agent lifetime. This technique enabled the imaging of both triplet excited state lifetime and ground-state recovery lifetime. We demonstrate the oxygen-dependent lifetime of both methylene blue and porphyrins. Lifetimeweighted imaging could be used for photodynamic therapy dosimetry guidance, oxygen sensing, or other molecular imaging applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".