Fracture Permeability of Gas Shale: Effects of Roughness, Fracture Offset, Proppant, and Effective Stress
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Domestic gas shale production is made economic through new completion practices which include horizontal wells and multiple hydraulic fractures. The performance of these fractures is improved through the injection of proppant. Success has largely been based on empiricism through field experiments. We attempt to remove some uncertainty in this empiricism through a series of laboratory controlled experiments. We have measured the permeability of fractured rock as a function of effective stress, proppant, proppant distribution and fracture offset. Our findings indicate that fracture offset is as effective as propping a fracture; both increase initial permeabilities more than 1000 fold over initial fracture values. However, the pressure dependence of the propped fracture is stronger, i.e. the permeability is reduced more per increment of pressure than the offset fractures. Neither obeys the simple cubic pressure dependence law proposed by Walsh. A simple monolayer of proppant is as effective as a fairway distribution of proppant in enhancing permeability. Initial fracture permeability is dependent on surface roughness, quantified as root mean square asperity heights. Pressure dependence of permeability of these fractured surfaces does obey the Walsh permeability models. SEM observations of surfaces and proppant suggest a new approach to proppant design.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it