Histories and Memories of the Indian Boarding Schools in Mexico, Canada, and the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Indigenismo can be found in almost every country in the Americas. Most indigenistas attempted to write the Indian into their national pasts and adopted similar modernizing projects. Still, what appears to be a common history can be deceiving. Examination of one indigenista project in three distinct American contexts—the indigenous boarding schools in Mexico, Canada, and the United States—indicates considerable differences in practice. For one thing, while the boarding schools north of the border aimed to separate students from the deleterious influence of their communities and bring them into the cultural mainstream, in Mexico indigenous communities were essential to development strategies, and the internados, as an important element of these strategies, sought to cultivate rather than break down ethnic affiliations. These and other differences in the politics that emerged from these projects suggest that the study of indigenismo may require attention to the ways in which particular power arrangements give meaning to indigenous identities. El indigenismo se encuentra en casi cada uno de los países de las Américas. La mayor parte de los indigenistas intentaban inscribir al indio en sus pasados nacionales y adoptaron similares proyectos modernizantes. Aún así lo que aparenta ser historia común puede engañar. El examen de uno de los proyectos indigenistas en tres distintos contextos americanos—los colegios internados indígenas en México, Estados Unidos, y Canadá—indica diferencias considerables en la práctica. Para mencionar una, aun cuando los colegios al norte de la frontera buscaban separar a los alumnos de los efectos perjudiciales de sus comunidades y traerlos a la corriente principal de la cultura, en México las comunidades indígenas formaban parte esencial en los planes de desarrollo, y los internados, como elemento importante de estos planes, buscaban cultivar y no desmantelar las afiliaciones étnicas. Estas y otras diferencias en la política que emerge de estos proyectos sugiere que el estudio del indigenismo puede requerir que se le de atención a la manera por la cual los arreglos políticos particulares le dan significado a la identidad indígena.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.050 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".