Detection and Identification of <I>Amylostereum areolatum</I> (Russulales: Amylostereaceae) in the Mycangia of <I>Sirex nigricornis</I> (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Central Louisiana
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The woodwasp Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) has become established in North America. A primary tactic for the management of S. noctilio in the southern hemisphere has been the development of a biological control agent, Deladenus siricidicola Bedding. This nematode has a bicyclic life cycle including a mycetophagous free-living and parasitic cycle. During oviposition, female Sirex woodwasps inject a symbiotic fungus. Because D. siricidicola only develops well on Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fries) Boidin (Russulales: Amylostereaceae) and North American woodwasps were thought to all have Amylostereum chailletii (Persoon) Boidin as their fungal symbiont, the risk of unintended impacts from D. siricidicola in North America was considered low. Specific polymerase chain reaction primers were designed to amplify the intergenic spacer region of Amylostereum symbionts in a population of the native woodwasp Sirex nigricornis F. located in central Louisiana (i.e., well outside the known distribution of S. noctilio); identity of the symbiont was confirmed by phylogenetic analyses. Overall, 95 out of 100 fungal isolates obtained from the mycangia of S. nigricornis were identified as Amylostereum species. Contrary to expectations, 60% were identified as A. chailletii (N = 60), while 35% were identified as A. areolatum (N = 35). The remaining 5% of these isolates (N = 5) were identified as Bipolaris papendorfii (Aa) Alcorn, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl, Penicillium marneffei Segretain, Scytalidium cuboideum (Sacc. & Ellis) Sigler & Kang, and Hyphopichia heimii (Pignal) Kurtzman based on sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The five non-Amylostereum isolates were likely contaminants during mycangia-spore extraction process. This study confirms the presence of A. areolatum in a population of the native woodwasp S. nigricornis well outside the known distribution of S. noctilio.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".