Variation in renal biopsy and medication prescribing practices among pediatric Medicaid patients with lupus nephritis prior to end-stage renal disease in the US, 2000 to 2004
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Unequal medical care may contribute to striking sociodemographic disparities seen in outcomes for children with lupus nephritis. Medicaid is the US federal-state program providing health insurance to low-income children and parents. We investigated US nationwide variation in renal biopsies and medication prescriptions for children with lupus nephritis enrolled in Medicaid, 2000 to 2004, in the months preceding end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We identified all children aged 3 to <18 years with SLE (≥3 ICD-9 codes of 710.0, each >30 days apart) in the Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) from 2000 to 2004, which contains outpatient and inpatient Medicaid claims for enrollees in 47 US states and the District of Columbia. These data were linked to the US Renal Data System, with information on essentially all ESRD patients in the US, for the same years. We compared frequencies of renal biopsies, and prescription of corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and immunosuppressants (mycophenylate mofetil (MMF), cyclophosphamide (CYC), cyclosporine, azathioprine (AZA), tacrolimus), across categories of sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), US region of residence, residence in a designated Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA), and quartiles of pediatric rheumatologist number in state of residence. We tested for differences across categories using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests, and applied the Cochrane Armitage test for trend. Of the 254 pediatric lupus nephritis patients who developed ESRD, the mean age was 14.2 (± 2.4) years; 72% were female, 61% were African American and 19% were Hispanic. The mean time from first SLE claim to ESRD was 3.8 (± 2.1) years. A total of 46% had at least one renal biopsy preceding ESRD. More children in the lower quartiles of SES and the higher quartiles of rheumatologist number per state, received a biopsy ( P trend < 0.05) (Table 1 ). Ninety-one percent of children were prescribed steroids at some time preceding ESRD, 63% were prescribed HCQ and 66% any other immunosuppressant, 50% of whom were prescribed MMF, 30% AZA and 14% CYC. We observed variation in prescribed steroids across region of residence, HCQ and immunosuppressant across race (more non-White patients prescribed both medications), and a greater proportion of patients prescribed HCQ in states with a higher number of rheumatologists per state. We observed significant differences in the proportion of children who had received renal biopsies across categories of SES and rheumatologist number per state, as well as marked differences in medication prescribing across categories race, SES, regions of residence and rheumatologist number in state of residence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".