Helium clusters seeded with CO molecules: New results for HeN–C1813O and the approach to the nanodroplet limit
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Infrared spectra of helium clusters seeded with doubly substituted carbon monoxide molecules, 13C18O, have been studied in order to complement recent helium nanocluster results and to determine whether additional isotopic data would help to separate vibrational and rotational contributions to the observed transitions. The experiments were made by direct infrared absorption in pulsed supersonic jet expansions using a tunable diode laser probe in the region of the fundamental band (approximately 2045 cm-1 for 13C18O). Even with data on the R0 transitions from four CO isotopomers, it was found that a clear and consistent separation of vibration and rotation could not be achieved for HeN-CO clusters in the size range N approximately 10-20. Isotope shifts observed for clusters with 13C18O (relative to 12C16O) were found to be close to the sums of the shifts previously determined for 13C16O and 12C18O. The new measurements generally supported previous assignments of cluster size, but some modifications for the range N=14-16 are suggested here. New measurements for HeN-12C16O under conditions favoring larger clusters (high backing pressure and low jet temperature) showed that individual transitions could be resolved even at N approximately 50. For larger clusters, a partly resolved "lump" of transitions was observed to approach the nanodroplet limit.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it