The new globalism in Canadian charter of rights interpretation: extradition, the death penalty, and the courts
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canadian extradition policy has recently undergone dramatic court-ordered changes that both reduce the discretion available to the political executive and increase the role of universal human rights norms in domestic Canadian constitutional decision making. In the debate between the prerogative of the political executive to extradite fugitives for reasons of state and the need to protect the rights of fugitives not only in Canada but in requesting states, Canadian courts are opting for the protection of rights. This article examines a line of cases concerning the extradition of persons to the United States where the death penalty is available for their crimes, and offers reasons for the courts' about face.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.011 | 0.016 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.017 | 0.077 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.021 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.007 | 0.013 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".