REDUCTION OF EXPANSIVE INDEX OF KAOLINITE AND BENTONITE CLAY BY USING SAND AND FLY ASH MIXTURES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Expansion or swelling behavior of expansive soil has always created problems in the field of geotechnical engineering. When any construction has been carried out on expansive soil without pre-knowledge of their properties under various environmental conditions, the damage is severe. One of the methods to find out swelling potential of expansive soil is the expansive index (EI). The present study investigates the reduction of EI for the two commercially available expansive soils i.e., kaolinite and bentonite when mixed with Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. The percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash mixed with kaolinite and bentonite were 0 to 50% by weight. The results show that there is a significant reduction in the swelling properties of expansive soil with the addition of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. The reduction in expansive index ranged approximately from 10 to 50% and 4 to 49% for kaolinite and bentonite, respectively. Also the maximum swelling pressure of kaolinite and bentonite soil decreased approximately 93% and 64%, respectively with the addition of various percentages of Ottawa sand and Class C fly ash. These results help to identify the swelling potential and swelling pressure of expansive soil with different percentages of sand and fly ash which will be beneficial to the geotechnical engineer. Standard index properties test such as liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit test was conducted to see the characteristic of expansive soil when mixed with less expansive sand and Class C fly ash. Also, for these expansive soils one dimensional (1-D) consolidation characteristics was studied with sand and Class C fly ash mixtures and the results were compared with pure kaolinite and bentonite soil. Pre-consolidation (Pc) behavior, compression index (Cc) and recompression or swelling index (Cs) properties were also studied for the different percentages of sand and Class C fly ash with expansive soil.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".