Event-Related Potentials and Picture-Word Naming: Effects of Attention and Semantic Relation for Children and Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from children, 9 to 13 years of age, while they named words and pictures. The words and pictures were presented individually and in superimposed picture-word pairs in which the meaning of the words and pictures was either congruent, semantically associated, or incongruent. Both words and pictures elicited large amplitude negative waves (N450) at anterior electrode sites. The amplitude of this N450 wave was larger for individually presented pictures than for words. N450 amplitude was also larger when naming pictures than when naming words in the superimposed arrays, an effect that is attributed to differences in attentional demand required to name pictures rather than to exogenous stimulus characteristics. No significant effects of semantic incongruity were observed. These ERP waveforms for children differ from those observed for adults who exhibited positive amplitude waves to individually presented pictures and who also exhibited semantic incongruity effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".