Electrochemical Properties of Ruthenium-Based Nanocrystalline Materials as Electrodes for Supercapacitors
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Nanocrystalline Ti x Fe y Ru z O n materials were prepared by mechanical alloying using high-energy ball milling. The electrochemical properties of the materials were investigated in 1 M NaOH and 1 M H 2 SO 4 aqueous solutions, using a composite electrode technology. The tested materials fall in two categories. On one hand, when the O/Ti ratio is larger than 1, Ru atoms are found in an hexagonal phase. Upon cycling in H 2 SO 4 or NaOH, these materials exhibit a significant increase of their capacitance from ∼5 to ∼50 F/g. This is due to the progressive growth of a ruthenium oxide layer at the surface. On the other hand, when the O/Ti ratio is smaller than 1, Ru atoms are found in a cubic phase (CsCl), along with Ti and Fe atoms. In that case, the growth of a stable oxide phase at the surface of the material occurs only when it is cycled in basic electrolyte. The maximum attainable capacitance is also close to 50−60 F/g. The individual crystallites of as-milled nanocrystalline materials suffer from a strong tendency to agglomerate together. For example, it is shown that the electrochemically active surface area of nanocrystalline RuO 2 is only increased by a factor of 2 when the crystallite size is decreased from 600 to 15 nm, which amounts to a 40-fold increase of the specific surface area. Thus, higher surface area materials were obtained by performing an additional milling step with Al, which is followed by a subsequent leaching of Al with a NaOH solution. With that procedure, the best performances were obtained with leached Ti 2 FeRuO 2, with a maximum capacitance of 110 F/g.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".