Estimation of bolide energy using observed infrasound signals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The acoustic amplitude-yield relationships including formal errors for a population of large and well-observed (greater than 0.05 kton) bolide events have been investigated. Using various signal measurements as a function of range, these data have been calibrated against optical yield estimates from satellite measurements. A correction for the presence of stratospheric winds has also been applied to the observations and is found to greatly improve the relationship correlation, remaining scatter may be due to variations amongst the fireball population such as differing burst altitudes, greater or lesser amounts of fragmentation or the variability in the magnitude of stratospheric winds, which can during certain times of the year be comparable to or exceed the strength of the winds themselves. Comparison to point source, ground-level nuclear and high explosive airwave data with similar yields shows that observed bolide infrasound is consistently lower in amplitude. This downward shift relative to nuclear and HE data is interpreted as due in part to increased weak nonlinearity during signal propagation from higher altitudes. This is a likely explanation, since mean estimates of the altitude of maximum energy deposition along the bolide trajectory was found to be between 20–30 km altitude for this fireball population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".