Une population au service de la cité du charbon, du fer et du verre. Seraing, 1846-1900
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A Population in Service of Coal, Iron and Glass. Seraing 1846-1900. In Seraing, village situated in the coal field of Liege, companies of international fame are implanted from the first quarter of the 19th century : iron company Cockerill (1817) and glassworks of Val-Saint- Lambert (1826). Beside four collieries (and after three), these giants of the heavy industry press directly on the economy of Seraing. Employing a numerous manpower they also influence the demographic expansion. By the complex set of the natural and migratory movements, the population of Seraing is multiplied by twenty, from 1800 till 1913 ! Such a growth results from a constant influx of young immigrants attracted by high salaries. The image of the solitary male migrant should however give up the place to that of the domestic migrations. On the other hand, the population growth knows by 1875 a transition characterized certainly by a decline of the birth rate but especially by a fall of the mortality. Between economy and demography a lot of links are made and come undone to Seraing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".