Ceftobiprole: A novel, broad-spectrum cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The pharmacology, antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, safety, and place in therapy of ceftobiprole are reviewed. SUMMARY: Ceftobiprole, a novel, broad-spectrum, parenteral cephalosporin, inhibits the cell-wall synthesis of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) PBP2a and PBP2x, responsible for the resistance in staphylococci and pneumococci, respectively. Ceftobiprole has good activity against gram-positive aerobes and anaerobes, and its activity against gram-negative aerobes and anaerobes is species dependent. Ceftobiprole is relatively inactive against Acinetobacter species. Its ability to bind relevant PBPs of resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria indicates its potential use in the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia and complicated skin and skin-structure infections (cSSSIs). Ceftobiprole is primarily excreted unchanged by the kidneys and exhibits linear pharmacokinetics. The half-life of the drug is approximately 3-4 hours. It exhibits minimal plasma protein binding (16%). Ceftobiprole does not inhibit the cytochrome P-450 isoenzyme system, so the possibility of drug-drug interactions is low. The drug has not been approved for use in the United States but has been approved in Canada and elsewhere. Ceftobiprole is currently undergoing Phase III clinical trials and has demonstrated activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Completed Phase III trials used i.v. dosages of 500 mg every 8-12 hours. The most commonly observed adverse effects of ceftobiprole included headache and gastrointestinal upset. CONCLUSION: Ceftobiprole is a novel, broad-spectrum, parenteral cephalosporin undergoing Phase III clinical trials. Its broad spectrum of activity makes it a candidate for monotherapy of cSSSIs and pneumonias that have required combination therapy in the past.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".