Analysis of Startle Responses in Patients with Panic Disorder and Social Phobia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The startle reflex can be modified by cognitive and affective variables. The present study investigated startle responses in 12 patients with panic disorder, 22 patients with social phobia and 15 healthy controls. The eye-blink component of the acoustic startle reflex was measured during baseline, pulse-alone, pre-pulse and fear-potentiated startle to disorder-specific threat words. Results indicated that patients with panic disorder exhibited significantly larger startle response amplitudes during baseline, pulsealone, pre-pulse and fear-potentiated trials than did healthy controls. Startle response amplitudes of patients with social phobia differed from healthy controls at effects of similar magnitude as the effects seen for patients with panic disorder, for all types of startle trials. During fear-potentiated trials, all groups exhibited largest startle amplitudes following the presentation of physical threat-related words, second largest magnitude to social threat-related words and the smallest to non-threatening words. It is recommended that future studies further examine startle response parameters in all forms of anxiety disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".