Droplet Sizing and Velocimetry in the Wake of Rotary-Cage Atomizers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An important characteristic of liquid sprays is the statistical distribution of droplet sizes that they produce. Knowledge of the droplet size distribution is particularly important for pesticide applications because droplet size affects trajectory, probability of contact with the target pest, and the biological dose. This article describes an experimental study of the spray plume of a rotary-cage atomizer in a wind tunnel environment with an air speed typical of aerial application (60 to 70 m s-1). Comparative measurements of droplet velocity and diameter were made using phase Doppler interferometer (PDI) and laser diffraction (LD) instruments. The present study is unique because it reports full droplet velocity and size data over a range of streamwise distances from the atomizer. High droplet concentrations and strong flow recirculation in the near wake (x/D < 2) were found to have a significant effect on the LD measurements. At greater downwind distances (x/D > 8), droplet velocities were found to be more uniform, and droplet size measurements using LD and PDI instruments were found to be in close agreement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".