Micromechanical Analysis of Force Transport in Wet Granular Soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanical behavior of a wet granular soil at low moisture content in which isolated pendular water bridges (menisci) at the interface of the solid particles give rise to capillary forces in addition to existing interparticle contact forces. We derived a single effective stress tensor encapsulating evolving liquid bridges, packing, interfaces, and water saturation. Apart from the fact that the stress due to contact forces is dependent on the fabric, we found that the so‐called suction (capillary) stress arising from liquid bridges is inevitably direction dependent, i.e., anisotropic. The latter is at odds with the common belief that capillary stress is isotropic. We demonstrate that capillary stress is a function of the distribution of liquid bridges, degree of saturation, as well as particle packing, and thus provide an adequate effective stress definition to describe both the constitutive behavior and strength of unsaturated media. We conducted discrete element modeling simulations of triaxial compression tests of pendular‐state granular samples at different matric suctions to verify the anisotropic nature of the capillary stress and resulting strength contributions to validate the proposed effective stress equation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".