ON THE SHEET BREAKUP OF DIRECT-INJECTION GASOLINE PRESSURE-SWIRL ATOMIZER SPRAYS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An experimental study into the sheet breakup mechanisms of two direct-injection gasoline pressure-swirl atomizers has been performed under conditions of varying fuel pressure and injector back pressure. A novel method of illumination, which allows a single thickness of the hollow-cone spray to be examined, has been developed. The results of the study indicate that there are three major mechanisms contributing to the ultimate disintegration of the liquid sheet, namely, aerodynamic instability, perforated sheet breakup, and air-core induced disturbances. The relative importance of the breakup mechanisms is shown to depend on atomizer operating condition and nozzle geometry. Sheet breakup lengths determined experimentally by a void-fraction analysis were compared with the predictions of three breakup models from the literature. The comparison suggests that the models underpredict the breakup length under all but substantially subatmospheric back-pressure conditions. The results also indicate that special care is required when using existing breakup models where atomizers with offset-nozzle geometries are used.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".