Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To highlight recent advances in our understanding of the incidence of multinodular goitre (MNG) risk of malignancy, evaluation of patients with MNG, rates and factors predictive of malignancy in MNG, and the choice of surgical procedure for patients with neoplastic MNG. RECENT FINDINGS: The incidence of MNG when screened by ultrasound scanning (USS) is between 10 and 20% and when using high resolution USS can be up to 70%. The incidence of occult malignancy within MNG lies between 10 and 35% in surgical series. Younger patients and men have higher rates of malignancy, as do patients with a family history, prior irradiation and those with signs of compressive or invasive disease. Subtotal thyroidectomy has been rejected in favour of either total lobectomy or total thyroidectomy for most patients with MNG. SUMMARY: An increasing number of patients with MNG will be encountered in surgical practice. Most patients can be cured with total lobectomy or total thyroidectomy, which minimizes recurrence rates and ensures an oncological approach to patients with incidentally discovered malignancy within MNG.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".