Measurement of Tendon Excursion Using an Audio-Based Fourier Technique With Pulsed-Wave Doppler Ultrasound
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work presents a feasibility study in estimating the displacement of a moving tendon using Pulsed-Wave Doppler ultrasound. The displacement estimation is accomplished using a tendon mimicking experiment, by performing a Fourier analysis of audio-based output signals from a commercial ultrasound scanner. The feasibility study shows that our proposed technique is better able to measure the actual tendon displacement, in comparison to the scanner’s onboard software, for the purposes of determining near-surface tissue excursion (i.e. displacement). The proposed technique also demonstrates that data acquisition from the audio output signal of a portable ultrasound scanner is possible, and can be processed with custom software to achieve our purpose. The motivation for this work is to noninvasively and dynamically monitor the displacement of the major tendons in the human lower arm. Such tendon displacement monitoring can provide an important diagnostic tool for people with hand injuries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".